# Distribution Function

## Distribution Function

Let $X$ be a random variable on $(\mathbb{R}, \mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}), \mu)$. The distribution function (cumulative distribution function) of $X$ is defined as

$F(x) := \mu((-\infty, x]) = \mathbb{P}(X^{-1}((-\infty,x])) = \mathbb{P}(X \leq x)$

## Probability density function

If $F(x)$ can be written as $F(x) = \int_{-\infty}^x f(x) dx$ $f(x)$ is called the density or probability density function of $X$ with respect to Lebesgue measure.

## Probability mass function

Let $(\Omega, \mathcal{A}, \mathbb{P})$ be a probability space and $(B, \mathcal{B})$ be a measurable space whose underlying $\sigma$-field is discrete. If $X:\Omega \rightarrow B$ is discrete provided its preimage is discrete, the probability mass function $f_X$ is defined as follows: $f_X(x_i) := \mathbb{P}(X=x_i) = \mathbb{P}(\{\omega\in\Omega: X(\omega) = x_i \})$

## $\sigma$-finite measure

Let $(E, \mathcal{E}, \mu)$ be a measurable space. $\mu$ is said to be $\sigma$-finite if $E$ can be covered with at most countable many measurable sets with finite measure. $\cup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} A_n = E \text{ and } \mu(A_n) < \infty \text{ for all } n\in \mathbb{N}$

One of examples is Lebesgue measure. Consider Lebesgue measure on $\mathbb{R}$. It is $\sigma$-finite. For all integer $k$, define an interval $I_k := [k, k+1)$. Then $\mathbb{R} = \cup_{k\in\mathbb{Z}} I_k$ since the set of integers $\mathbb{Z}$ is countable.

## Absolute continuity

Let $\mu$ and $\nu$ be a measure on a measurable space $(E, \mathcal{E})$. $\mu$ is said to be absolute continuous with respect to $\nu$ if for any $A \in \mathcal{E}$,

$\nu(A) = 0 \Longrightarrow \mu(A) = 0$ and denote $\mu \ll \nu$.

## Counting measure

Let $(E, \Sigma)$ be a measurable space where the $\sigma$-field $\Sigma$ is the power set of $E$. Then we define counting measure $\mu: \Sigma \rightarrow [0, +\infty]$ for all $A \in \Sigma$ as follows: $\mu(A) = \begin{cases} |A| \quad \text{ if } A \text{ is finite}\\ +\infty \quad\text{otherwise} \end{cases}$

Let $\mu$ and $\nu$ be two measures on measurable space $(E, \mathcal{E})$ and assume $\nu$ is $\sigma$-finite. If $\mu \ll \nu$, there exists a unique nonnegative measurable function $f:E \rightarrow [0,\infty)$ satisfying $\mu(A) = \int_A f(x) \nu(dx) \text{ for all }A \in \mathcal{E}$ The function $f$ is called the Radon-Nikodym derivative of $\mu$ with respect to $\nu$ and denoted as $\frac{d\mu}{d\nu}$.

## Summary

• The pdf of $\mathbb{R}$-valued random variable is the Radon-Nikodym derivate of the cdf with respect to the Lebesgue measure.
• The pmf of a discrete random variable is the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the distribution with respect to the counting measure.
• In general, the density of a random variable on a measure space with Borel sets is the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the distribution $\mu$ with respect to the reference measure $\nu$.

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